Application of IoT-Based Sensor Technologies in Agriculture and Industrial Systems for Waste Minimization: A Sustainable Development Perspective

Binita  Rajak

Abstract

The accelerating depletion of natural resources, growing environmental degradation, and rising levels of industrial and agricultural waste have highlighted the limitations of the traditional linear “take–make–dispose” economic model. As industries and farming systems seek sustainable alternatives, Internet of Things (IoT)- based sensor technologies have emerged as powerful tools for improving resource efficiency and minimizing waste generation. This study examines the application of IoT-enabled sensor systems in agricultural and industrial environments from a sustainable development perspective. In agriculture, precision farming technologies utilizing soil moisture, NPK, temperature, humidity, and climate sensors enable real-time monitoring of field conditions, facilitating optimized use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides while reducing resource wastage and environmental impact. In industrial settings, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies, including vibration, acoustic, thermal, and pressure sensors, support predictive maintenance by identifying equipment anomalies before failures occur, thereby extending machinery lifespan, reducing downtime, minimizing material scrap, and lowering electronic waste generation. The study adopts a qualitative secondary research approach based on the analysis of peer-reviewed literature, sustainability reports, and industrial case studies. Findings indicate that sensor-driven data intelligence significantly enhances operational efficiency, resource conservation, and environmental sustainability while supporting circular economy principles and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite challenges related to infrastructure, investment costs, interoperability, and cybersecurity, IoT-enabled systems offer a transformative pathway toward sustainable agricultural and industrial development, fostering long-term economic resilience, environmental stewardship, and responsible resource utilization.

Abstract

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