Exponential random graph models, foreign direct investment, global production networks, network theory, risk management, supply chain networks
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Investment Ties as Supply Chain Signals: Leveraging Reciprocal and Triadic FDI Networks to Optimize Multi-Tier Sourcing, Bidirectional Logistics Corridors, and Shock-Resilient Regionalization
Abstract: Global supplier networks are increasingly influenced by cross-border foreign direct investment (FDI), which shapes how sourcing relationships emerge, concentrate, and evolve across multiple supply chain tiers. This study reframes an FDI-based network perspective as a strategic decision-support tool for multi-tier supply chain configuration and risk governance. By applying a count-based network modeling approach, the research interprets reciprocal investment ties as indicators of dependable two-way logistics channels and interdependent supplier–buyer relationships. …
Published in NOLEGEIN Journal of Operations Research & Management · Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2026 · pp. 50–56 Read article